How to use Auto. IT with Selenium. Selenium is an open source tool that is designed to automate web- based applications on different browsers but to handle window GUI and non HTML popups in application. Auto. IT is required as these window based activity are not handled by Selenium. ![]() Auto. It v. 3 is also freeware. It uses a combination of mouse movement, keystrokes and window control manipulation to automate a task which is not possible by selenium webdriver. Moving ahead we will learn how to upload a file in selenium web driver using auto. IT. Here we need three tools in order to this. Selenium Webdriver. Auto. IT editor and element identifier. The window that you want to automate. What is Selenium? Selenium automates browsers. That's it! What you do with that power is entirely up to you. Primarily, it is for automating web applications for. Top 10 Free Open Source Functional Testing Tools. Selenium. Selenium is an open source tool that allows you to perform functional testing for both web. In this tutorial, you will learn- How to download and install Auto. ITStep 1): Go to this link. Step 2): Hover on 'Autoit' and 'Autoit Editor' dropdown. Step 3) Click on 'Auto. IT' Downloads option. Step 4): Download "Autoit" by clicking on 'Download Autoit' button . Step 5): Now download "Autoit editor" by clicking on 'Downloads' button . Step 6): Click on the link as shown below. After download you will get two setup file as shown in below screen, first is Auto. It version 3 setup and second is Scitautoit. Step 6): For Installing Auto. IT- Click on both Auto. IT setup one by one . Step 7): After successfully installation - open up Auto. IT Editor. Go to 'C: \Program Files (x. Auto. It. 3\Sci. TE' and click on 'Sci. TE. exe' file, the Auto. IT editor opens as shown in below screen. Step 8) : Now opens element Identifier . Go to 'C: \Program Files (x. Auto. It. 3 ' And click on 'Au. Info. exe' file, the element identifier opens as shown in below screen. Note: Once you done with this element identifier you need to close manually, it will not close automatically. Finding element through element Identifier and writing script on Auto. IT editor. Under this, we will see how to find element on file uploader window through Auto. IT Element Identifier (Element identifier is a tool like selenium IDE, identifier find the element of window GUI or non HTML popups and provide the attribute of element like title, class, instance ) and how to write script on Auto. IT editor using 3 methods. For Example: We will use "Write to us" page of guru. Doc file). After clicking on 'Choose File' button from the "Write to us" page, we need to call Auto. IT script. The control immediately transferred to autoit after clicking 'Choose File' by the below statement which takes care of uploading part. Runtime. get. Runtime(). E: \\Auto. IT\\File. Upload. exe"); Finally, when we run selenium script- it will fill the form- > upload resume- > Submit form. Step 1): Now open element Identifier- Go to 'C: \Program Files (x. Auto. It. 3' and click on 'Au. Info. exe' file, the element identifier window opens as shown in below screen. Step 2): Now open file uploader window by clicking on 'Choose File' which is windows activity. Step 3): Drag the finder tool on the " File Name" box element of file uploader window to find the basic attributes info as shown in the below screen with the arrow. We can get the value of attributes i. Open', class='Edit' and instance='1' as shown below. These values are used in writing Auto. IT script as explained in below step 4. Step 4): Now open Auto. IT script editor, goto 'C: \Program Files (x. Auto. It. 3\Sci. TE' and click on 'Sci. TE. exe' as shown in step 7 from the 1st topic. Start writing a script for selecting a file to upload. There are lots of method available which we can use in a script according to the requirement, but right now we will focus on the below methods as these methods are required for writing file upload script: Control. Focus(" title "," text ",control. ID ) //Sets input focus to a given control on a window. Control. Set. Text(" title "," text ",control. ID ," File path which need to upload " ) // Sets text of a control. Control. Click(" title "," text ",control. ID ) //Sends a mouse click command to a given control. You can see a number of methods are displayed as shown in below screen. The good feature of Auto. IT is that it is somewhat like Eclipse that suggests you some of the methods. Here in the Auto. IT editor, we have selected "control focus" method. Element identifier is already opened and minimized as the element is already identified in above step 3. We can open it by maximizing it. Now, we will take the values from element identifier for 'Control. Focus' and 'Control. Set. Text' methods as these methods works on same element i. File name' text box but for 'Control. Click' method need to capture values of different element i. Open' button. Parameter values for Control. Focus method: This method sets focus to the 'file name' text box of the file uploader window. Open ". We ignore 2nd parameter, the text is not required. ID is the combination of class='Edit' and Instance='1' i. Edit. 1.' Control. Focus("Open","","Edit. This method sets input focus to 'File name' text box. Parameter values for Control. Set. Text method : This method is used to define the path of a file which we need to upload in 'file name' text box. In another way, we can say that this method is used to set the text to the input element. Open ". We ignore 2nd parameter, the text is not required. ID is the combination of class='Edit' and Instance='1' i. Edit. 1 ". 4th parameter new text, we pass the path of the file which we need to upload. Control. Set. Text("Open","","Edit. E: \Resume\resume. This method input file path of a control. After following the above step, don't close the windows (editor and element identifier), keep it remain open. You again need to open file uploader window as to find attributes of 'Open' Button as shown in below step 5. Step 5): Now drag the finder tool on the "Open" button element of file uploader window to find the basic attribute information. Previous values ( i. File name' text box) overwrite with new values of 'Open' button. You can see the class attribute is now changed to "button" which was previously "edit" in Auto. IT element identifier window. We can get the value of attributes i. Open', class='Button' and instance='1' as shown below. These values are used in writing Autoit script as explained in below. Parameter values for Control. Click method: This method clicks on 'Open' button of the file uploader window. Open ". We ignore 2nd parameter; the text is not required. ID is the combination of class and Instance, i. Button. 1 ". Control. Click("Open","","Button. This method click on 'Open' button of file uploader. Step 6): You can see in below screen that Auto. IT script is completed to handle file uploader. Now you can close the element identifier and save the script as " File. Upload " at the given location ( E: \Auto. IT ). Now you can't execute this script directly, you need to compile this script. For compiling this script, you have two options " compile script x. Step 7): 'File. Upload exe' file generated after compilation, you can see in the below screen. Now we can use this file in Selenium webdriver script. Now we will use this Auto. IT script in Selenium web driver. Check below for output. Auto. IT Upload file in Selenium Webdriver. In Selenium script, we find the elements of the form and fill the data in each element as required and upload 'resume. Auto. IT exe file generated from Auto. IT script and then allow to submit the form in selenium script. Open Eclipse and start writing code. When selenium clicks on Choose File button, file uploader box opens. Then we need to call Auto. IT script, the control immediately transferred to Auto. IT in order to upload a file and then control send back to selenium as shown below. Step 1): Develop selenium script in eclipse. Runtime class allows the script to interface with the environment in which the script is running. Runtime() get the current runtime associated with this process. Auto. IT script ( File. Upload. exe ) . Runtime. Runtime(). exec("E: \\Auto. IT\\File. Upload. Auto. IT script in selenium and upload file . Step 2) : Execute the Selenium script in Eclipse. IOException. import org. By. import org. openqa. Web. Driver. import org. Firefox. Driver. public class File. Upload {. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {. Web. Driver driver=new Firefox. Driver(). driver. Element(By. id("postjob")). Element(By. id("input_3")). Keys("Gaurav"). driver. Element(By. id("id_4")). Keys("This email address is being protected from spambots. You need Java. Script enabled to view it."). Element(By. id("input_4")). Auto. IT script . Runtime. get. Runtime(). E: \\Auto. IT\\File. Upload. exe"). driver.
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Ce recul paraît confirmer une tendance que connaissent également les principaux concurrents de Total depuis le milieu des années 2. Les « majors » font toutes face à une diminution de leurs extractions de brut, amorcée entre 1. Chevron et 2. 00. Exxon(*), malgré l’envolée des cours du brut et de leurs chiffres d’affaires depuis 2. Cliquer sur l’image pour agrandir.)Exxon, Chevron, BP, Shell et donc désormais Total : toutes les majors historiques de l’or noir ont vu leurs extractions décroître en 2. Les extractions de pétrole de Total se sont établies à 1,2. Mb/j) en 2. 01. 2, en recul de 0,5 % par rapport à 2. Le recul est de 1. Total) et de 2. 8 % par rapport à 2. Pour 2. 01. 3, le pdg de Total, Christophe de Margerie, annonce un retour à la croissance de la production : il projette une augmentation de 2 à 3 % des extractions pour l’ensemble du pétrole et du gaz, rapporte l’AFP. La production cumulée de pétrole et de gaz naturel de Total a baissé de 2 % entre 2. Cette évolution est pour + 4,5 % liée « aux démarrages et à la croissance des nouveaux projets », et pour – 4 % « au déclin naturel des productions » ; le communiqué de Total ne départage pas le pétrole du gaz lorsqu’il fournit ce taux de déclin de la production existante. Le reste a trait à des facteurs conjoncturels : accident de la plateforme gazière d’Elgin en mer du Nord et inondations au Nigéria, principalement. Les investissements nets de Total ont à nouveau progressé fortement en 2. Total a investi 1. ![]() 16/09/2017 Airbus prépare la nouvelle génération de satellites d'observation de la Terre - Section : Article Airbus se positionne sur le marché en forte. Mercredi 12 juillet 2017 : La digitalisation du point de vente à la Paris Retail Week : L’événement Paris Retail Week, qui aura lieu du 19 au 21 septembre. En surface, les affaires sont restées excellentes pour Total en 2. Chiffre d’affaires (+ 8 %, la barre des 2. Les ventes de Total atteignent désormais près des deux- tiers des recettes du budget de l’Etat français…En profondeur, au fond des puits de pétrole, le recul récurrent de la production de pétrole menace à terme de saper la première entreprise de France. Le nombre de puits de pétrole exploités à part entière par Total a été accru de 4. L’ensemble des puits dans lesquels la firme possède un quelconque intérêt a été multiplié par 2,5, tandis que les dépenses consacrées à la production et à l’exploration étaient multipliées par… 2,5, de 1. Le nombre de puits de pétrole exploités par Total a augmenté de 4. Source : Total. Quand vous avez de plus en plus d’arbres et que, malgré cela, vos récoltes ne cessent de décroître, c’est d’ordinaire le signe que la terre n’est plus aussi généreuse qu’avant. Le verger du groupe Total est mondial. Entre 2. 01. 1 et 2. Total a pu accroître la production de ses puits de pétrole africains, ainsi que de ceux, beaucoup moins importants, situés au sein de la Communauté des Etats indépendants (CEI) de l’ex- Union soviétique. En mer du Nord et sur l’ensemble du continent américain en revanche, les sources d’extraction du groupe ont connu de forts reculs. En Amérique du Nord, le développement des sables bitumeux du Canada n’a pas compensé ce qui apparaît comme un déclin des plateformes du golfe du Mexique. Source : Total, « Résultats du quatrième trimestre et de l’année 2. Sur chacun des cinq continents, le pétrolier français est implanté dans de nombreux pays qui s’apprêtent à connaître ou qui connaissent déjà un déclin structurel, selon le dernier rapport annuel de l’Agence internationale de l’énergie. Total ne fournit pas pour l’heure le détail de sa production pays par pays pour 2. Mais puisque le groupe a presque réussi à stabiliser le déclin l’an dernier, il est utile de rappeler qu’entre 2. Total a décru dans les pays suivants (par continent, puis par ordre croissant d’importance) : Cameroun (- 8. Algérie (- 7. 0 %), Gabon (- 2. Libye (- 7. 7 %, un cas certes particulier), Angola (- 3. Trinidad & Tobago (- 5. Venezuela (- 4. 5 %) ; Indonésie (- 1. Retour au formulaire Retour au début Retour au formulaire à abà abàc abacà abacadà abachà abachàt abachàyre abadiè abagnoû abaisses. A partir du 1er septembre 2016, la secrétaire de mairie effectuera 20 heures de travail par semaine à Ranchal et 15 heures sur la commune de Cours via une. France (- 1. 7 %, ok ça ne pèse pas lourd, sauf peut- être dans le débat sur l’exploitation des hydrocarbures de schiste), Grande- Bretagne (- 4. Norvège (- 1. 8,5 %). Baisse de la production globale en dépit d’efforts d’investissements sans cesse plus gigantesques… Les symptômes de la maladie qui semble affecter le groupe Total apparaissent également chez ses principaux concurrents, à commencer par le premier d’entre eux, Exxon : Il faudra attendre le rapport annuel définitif de Total pour connaître la somme de ses dépenses en production & exploration pour 2. Lorsque les mêmes effets se reproduisent, n’est- ce pas le signe qu’ils partagent une même cause ? La production globale de gaz naturel de Total a diminué de 4 % entre 2. Elle ne représente qu’environ un sixième de la valeur marchande de la production de brut du groupe Total. Le gaz naturel n’occupe pour l’heure qu’une place subsidiaire dans la problématique d’un vraisemblable déclin de l’énergie abondante et pas chère indispensable aux transports, à l’agriculture, aux machines industrielles, à la chimie (etc.), tels qu’ils existent aujourd’hui.(*) Les records de production : Chevron 2,0. 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This Will Be The First Time You've Ever Thought About The Chevy Uplander. When it comes to identifying cars, there’s two very distinct versions of the “what the fuck is that?” feeling. One is the exciting, head- jerking feeling of shock at seeing something delightfully incomprehensible, like catching a glimpse of a Gordon- Keeble in suburban Norman, Oklahoma. The other is sour, empty feeling you get when you see a car so boring, so bland, such a void of interest or character that you realize you have no idea what the hell it is. Guess which category the Chevy Uplander fits into. In fact, it’s even a bit worse: not only do most people see a Chevy Uplander and have no idea what it is, the grim truth is that even to hardcore car geeks—possibly even hardcore minivan geeks—they’re fine with that. Ignorance is just fine if the fruit of knowledge is the soft, mealy pap that is the Chevy Uplander. Chevy built the Uplander minivan between 2. I bet if you were to ask any Chevrolet employee of that era about it they might say “Oh yeah? If that’s what it says, then I guess we did.” The Uplander actually had three badge- engineered siblings, all about as forgettable as the Uplander, the Saturn Relay, Buick Terraza, and Pontiac Montana SV6. Saturn Relay? I’m not sure if I’ve ever even seen one of those, but, then again, how the hell would I even know? Conquer Online Speed Hack 2012 Chevy TahoeThe Relay was the first non- plastic- body- panel’d Saturn, and the first Saturn re- badge, so I guess even the Relay has the distinction of being the marker as the beginning of the end of Saturn. The Uplander doesn’t even have that. Even in the tepid pool that is minivans, the Uplander was remarkably bland- looking. InformationWeek.com: News, analysis and research for business technology professionals, plus peer-to-peer knowledge sharing. Engage with our community. ![]() It wasn’t even a particularly good minivan design, with a hood longer than it needed to be and everything else looking like GM sent the design team on a tour of coin laundromats or possibly self- storage facilities to get inspired. Like a true Meh car, it was quite aggressively adequate in specs: a 3. V6 making 2. 00 horsepower, or a 3. V6 that made 2. 40 hp. The 3. 9- liter later became the only engine, which forced the dropping of the AWD option (it was normally FWD) since the AWD system couldn’t deal with those extra 4. Since nobody ever gave a shit about this car, the loss of the AWD system was met with, maybe, a quiet nod of tired understanding. I’m surprised more car crashes aren’t found to be caused by people driving into Chevy Uplanders because they just don’t even see them. ![]() They’re so bland and empty it’s amazing your brain doesn’t just process them out entirely. But some people actually did manage to buy these. The Wikipedia article doesn’t bother listing sales past 2. Holy crap. Even if we figure that a good chunk of those were fleet sales, there were still thousands of people who saw this and decided to pay real money in exchange for taking one home, to use every day. Somehow, they managed to manifest an emotion that resembled desire for a Chevy Uplander. That’s staggering. The marketing of the Uplander almost seemed to suggest the ad agency understood the scale of the blandness they were dealing with; listen to the primary auditory theme of this commercial to see what I mean: Crickets. That’s the sound of crickets. That’s about right.(Thanks, Ronnie. Make your job easier with Adobe Acrobat DC, the trusted PDF creator. Use Acrobat to convert, edit and sign PDF files at your desk or on the go. Adobe flash player 11 activex free download - Adobe Flash Player 13 ActiveX control content debugger (for IE), Adobe Flash Player 11 Beta 32-bit for Linux, Adobe. Release) Le bot 8. What new ? 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Vicky reunites with the family. Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi 24 August 2017 Written Update Full Episode: Sonakshi And Dev Welcome A Baby Boy. Can they co- exist? For reasons I’m still struggling to understand, the idea of “nutritional ketosis” (NK, to be distinguished from starvation ketosis, SK or diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA) is often discussed and debated in much the same way as religion or politics. Perhaps this can be said of all nutrition, which is a shame. Nevertheless, in my continued defiance of such sensitive topics, I’d like to add another layer of complexity and nuance to this discussion. As I’ve written about before, I’ve spent much of the past two- and- half years in (and sometimes out of) NK. Will I stay in this state in perpetuity? I have no idea, but for those interested, in the video of this post I made the case why I find NK appealing for my objectives. One of those objectives is balancing my physical performance (I am largely a sedentary individual, except for 3 activities: cycling, swimming, strength training with a bend towards high- intensity interval training) objectives and my health objectives. The “rule of thumb” for NK is that caloric intake is determined as follows (this excludes a subset of ketogenic diets known as calorie- restricted KD which, as the name suggests, is specifically restricted in calories): Carbohydrate (total, not “net”): less than 5. Protein: up to 1 to 1. Fat: to satiety. Let me illustrate what this looks like for Joe (left), Jane (middle), and Jeff (right — an example of a calorie restricted KD), three hypothetical people in NK — but each with different caloric requirements. As a general rule, as caloric requirement increases the proportion of calories derived from carbohydrate and protein decreases (and the contribution of dietary fat increases), even while absolute intake of carbohydrate and protein increases. Anyone who has bought a blood ketone meter knows how tough it can be to get “into” ketosis by carbohydrate restriction (since everyone asks, I use the Abbott Precision Xtra meter which uses two different strips: one for glucose and one for beta- hydroxybutyrate, or BHB). Most practitioners consider the minimum threshold of NK to be a fasting serum level of BHB above 0. ![]() M. I’m a bit more stringent in my practice and like to see fasting BHB levels above 1 m.M. To give you a sense of one person’s numbers (mine), over the past 6 months my mean (i.M with a median value of 1.M. The highest morning level during that period was 5.M. (The highest morning level I have ever measured in myself is 5.M.)But, it took me a long time to get it right, especially since at the outset of my foray into NK I was consuming between 4,0.Today, my average daily caloric intake for weight stability is about 3,8. I’ll discuss this in a later post since it’s a pretty cool technique.) And even today, I can still easily “fall out” of NK. For example, on my daughter’s birthday last month she insisted I have some of her tikka masala (contains lots of sugar), naan bread, and mango ice cream. How could I say no to a birthday girl who insisted on going to the nicest Indian restaurant in San Diego for her 5th birthday? As to be expected, the next day my BHB was 0. M, and it took me 2 days to get back above 1 m. M. Here’s a little secret I’m about to let everyone in on… I like carbohydrates. I love sushi (though I now mostly eat sashimi). I love Indian and Thai food, though I prefer to make curry myself to keep sugar out. I make (and eat) the best hummus this side of the Nile River. ![]() On this page, we will provide answers to your questions as well as helpful Agile Coaching tips, based on our experience. The list of the first 10 topics includes. This July, we asked for software tips from the 2017 Microsoft Office National Champions, a set of charming teens who are officially the best at using PowerPoint, Word. Q : Hi. I m doing civil engineerning and i m in 2nd year. Please tell me what can i do after this. Please thanxx ANS : do internship in design office, learn. NEWS 0809 <P>Preface.- Making it to the synapse. Measles virus spread in and among neurons.- Modeling subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in a transgenic mouse system. ![]() And, over the last couple of years I’ve figured out how and when I can eat them to meet the following conditions: Stay in NK (except on a few occasions like my daughter’s birthday); Increase my anaerobic performance; Preserve most (but not all*) of the benefits I enjoyed when I was much more strict about my ketogenic diet (circa 2. How, you ask? By learning to calculate my glycogen deficit.(*) For me, the leanest body composition I achieved as an adult was in strict NK with no attempts to do what I’m about to describe below. Since I’m not a model and nobody cares if my body fat is 7% or 1. I’m happy to be a little less lean if it gives me the flexibility to increase performance and live a slightly more sane life. At least for now. PLEASE NOTE: I have never suggested, and can’t imagine I ever will suggest, that a KD is “best” or “right” for everyone. What I describe below may seem extreme, both in the amount of work required and the actual application. I fully acknowledge that (1) this is a highly analytical approach to eating, and (2) that I’m a “freak” (my wife’s words, not mine). I certainly don’t do this often, unless a lot is on the line (e. I like having this technique in my armamentarium. If you’ve watched the video in the post I linked to above, then you’re familiar with RQ. Through years of metabolic testing I have a pretty good sense of my RQ at any moment in time – when I’m sleeping, when I’m sitting around (most of the time), when I’m riding my bike at 2. I’m riding my bike at 4. I’m lifting weights, etc. This allows me to calculate what proportion of my energy I derive from glycogen and what proportion I derive from fatty acid. Consider the following example: If I ride my bike at an average of 1. I know my average RQ is between 0. I have not presented these results yet, but they are more accurate than what I presented in the video, which was based on a 3. RQ relative to a mask under exercise conditions due to air mixing). This means I consumed, from both muscle and liver glycogen stores, between 2. The approximate formula is %CHO = 3. RQ – 2. 3. 33, which can easily be derived from the observation that %CHO utilized increases linearly from 0% at RQ 0. RQ 1. 0. Furthermore, I know my VO2 at 1. Weir formula which I presented previously) my energy requirement was about 1. Hence, of these 1,6. In other words, I utilized between 8. By comparison, 3 years ago, this effort in me would have taken place at a slightly higher VO2 – closer to 3. RQ – between 0. 9. That’s a real state of metabolic inflexibility. Basically, I was entirely dependent on carbohydrates for energy.)Since the first metabolic priority for ingested carbohydrate is glycogen replenishment, I can, in this setting, consume probably somewhere between 6. Why? Because those carbohydrates are prioritized to replenish my glycogen stores AND I am highly insulin sensitive. Note the *AND* in this last sentence. The especially astute reader will realize some of this glycogen debt will be replenished by protein and glycerol, the latter of which is liberated by lipolysis – see post on fat flux for a primer). Clearly I didn’t consume this amount of carbohydrate on my daughter’s birthday, so why was I out of ketosis the next day? Because my glycogen debt was not high. Of course, I knew this and didn’t really care. But, if I know my wife wants to go out for sushi one night, and I know she’s going to make me eat a California roll, I can “rig it” such that I show up to dinner with a glycogen debt appropriate enough to enjoy them without significantly interfering with my liver’s BHB production. Extreme example. Last week I did two tough bike rides on consecutive days. Each day we rode 1. Over 6,0. 00 feet of climbing each day and very strong winds, which were either headwinds or cross- winds. On top of this, we rode pretty fast. For the purpose of illustration I recorded everything I did and ate on the second day, which I rode a bit easier than the first day. The second ride took 6 hours and 5 minutes. My average normalized power output was 2. Based on mechanical work output, this required about 5,0. Factoring in the other 1. A detailed explanation of where the extra 1,8. I want to get into now, but it’s basically the energy required to keep me alive – transport ions, contract voluntary and involuntary muscles, etc. So what did I eat that day? Breakfast (pre- ride): 5 scrambled eggs, 2 sausage links, 3 pieces of bacon, coffee with cream. In ride nutrition (I spread this out over 6 hours): 1. Quest bars, 1 peach, 1 apple, 6 bottles of Biosteel High Performance Sports Drink, water. Since I know someone will ask, I did not consume super starch this day since I was craving cashews as my carbohydrate source and was craving more sodium, given the 9. Late lunch/early dinner (post- ride): 2 oz ham, 3 oz pulled pork, large salad with oil and vinegar dressing, 2 slices of cheddar cheese, 6 mini hamburger patties, 2 tomatoes. What did this amount to? Fat – 3. 51 gm, or 3,1. Protein – 2. 45 gm, or 9. Carbohydrate – 3. Fadak - Wikipedia. Fadak (Arabic: فدك) was a garden oasis in Khaybar, a tract of land in northern Arabia; it is now part of Saudi Arabia. Situated approximately 1. Medina, Fadak was known for its water wells, dates, and handicrafts.[1] When the Muslims defeated the people of Khaybar at the Battle of Khaybar; the oasis of Fadak was part of the bounty given to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who gifted it to his daughter, Fatimah (according to Shias). The Sunni view is that it was not given to anyone, but preserved for the maintenance of Banu Hashim. Fadak became the object of dispute between Fatimah and the caliph Abu Bakr after Muhammad died.[citation needed]History[edit]Pre- Islamic Khaybar[edit]In the 7th century, the Khaybar oasis was inhabited by Arab Jews, who pioneered the cultivation of the oasis and made their living growing date palm trees, as well as through commerce and craftsmanship, accumulating considerable wealth. Some objects found by the Muslims in a redoubt at Khaybar — a siege- engine, 2. Yemenite cloth, and 5. Jews.[2]The oasis was divided into three regions: al- Natat, al- Shiqq الشِّق, and al- Katiba الكتيبة, probably separated by natural diversions, such as the desert, lava drifts, and swamps. Each of these regions contained several fortresses or redoubts containing homes, storehouses and stables.
Each fortress was occupied by a clan and surrounded by cultivated fields and palm- groves. In order to improve their defensive capabilities, the fortresses were raised up on hills or basalt rocks.[2]Muhammad’s era (6. CE)[edit]Muhammad quietly led the march on Khaybar oasis on 7 May AH/ 6. CE with approximately 1. "Muhammad the Apostle of God" inscribed on the gates of the Prophet´s Mosque in Medina. Medina, Hejaz, Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia). Arabic names are used in the Arab world, as well as some other regions within the larger Muslim world. They are not necessarily of Arabic origin, though most in fact are. Primary sources including the Sirah Rasul Allah (Biography of the Prophet) of Ibn Ishaq describe the conquest of Khaybar, detailing the agreement of Muhammad with the Jews to remain in Fadak and cultivate their land, retaining one- half of the produce of the oasis.[3] This agreement was distinct from the agreement with the Jews of Khaybar, which essentially entailed the practice of sharecropping. Muhammad retained the revenues of the Fadak region for the poor as ṣadaqa, travelers in need, and for his family. It is not entirely clear how Muhammad managed his possession of Fadak. Ibn Taimiyya wrote in his Minhaj al- Sunnah that Muhammad appointed Amr ibn al- As as the governor of the Khaybar oasis[4] Following the death of Muhammad, scholars disagreed as to whether Fadak was exclusively his property. Some Muslim commentators agree that following the conquest of Fadak, the property belonged exclusively to Muhammad, while several others reject this view.[5] Various primary sources describe the acquisition of Fadak in the following way: Half the Land of Fadak, which was given by Jews after the peace treaty, was purely the property of Rasool Allah (s). Similarly, 1/3rd of the Valley of Qari and 2 castles of Khaybar were the exclusive property of Muhammad (s) and no one else had a share of it.[6]The Apostle of Allah received three things exclusively to himself: Banu an- Nadir, Khaybar and Fadak. The Banu an- Nadir property was kept for his emergent needs, Fadak for travellers, and Khaybar was divided by the Apostle of Allah into three sections: two for Muslims, and one as a contribution for his family. If anything remained after making the contribution of his family, he divided it among the poor Emigrants.[7]Another primary account describes eleven fruit trees in Fadak, planted by Muhammad himself.[8] Other scholars who accept the view of Fadak as belonging exclusively to Muhammad after the conquest of Khaybar include: Fatimah[edit]Upon the death of Muhmmad, his daughter Fatimah declared her claim to inherit Fadak as the estate of her father. The claim was rejected by the ruling caliph, Abu Bakr, on the grounds that Fadak was public property and arguing that Muhammad had no heirs. Sources report that Ali together with Umm Ayman (Barakah) testified to the fact that Muhammad granted it to Fatimah Zahra, when Abu Bakr requested Fatima to summon witnesses for her claim.[1. Tales From The Arabian Nights By Dawood IbrahimVarious primary sources contend that Fadak was gifted by Muhammad to Fatima, drawing on the Qur'an as evidence.[1. These include narrations of Ibn 'Abbas who argued that when the Qur'anic verse on giving rights to kindred was revealed, Muhammad called to his daughter and gifted the land of Fadak to her.[1. Various scholars commenting on the Qur'an, Chapter Al- Hashr, verse 7, write that the Angel. Gabriel came to Muhammad and commanded him to give the appropriate rights to the “Dhul Qurba” (near kin). When asked by Muhammad, who the "Dhul Qurba" referred to, Gabriel replied "Fatima" and that by "rights" was meant "Fadak", upon which Muhammad called Fatima and presented Fadak to her.[1. Besides the above Quranic verses, there some authenticated references for this issue. For example, Ali Ibn Burhanu'd- din Halabi Shafi'i writes in his Siratu'l- Halabiyya, p. 3. Fatimah complained to Abu Bakr about the fact that she was given the fadak as a gift by the holy prophet of Islam, as the witnesses were unavailable she was forced to allege her right based on the inheritance law. Also it is mentioned in Mu'jam Al- Buldan of Yaqut al- Hamawi, Tafsir al- Kabir of Imam Fakhru'd- din Razi, Sawa'iq al- Muhriqa of Ibn Hajar p. 2. Sharh al- Nahju'l- Balagha of Ibn Abi'l- Hadid Mu'tazali Vol 4, p. 8. ![]() ![]() Fatima firstly claimed she was given the fadak as a gift but they rejected her witnesses and she suffered and angrily said that she would not talk to Abu Bakr and Umar again.[1. After the death of Muhammad[edit]Lesley Hazleton describes the dispute between Fatimah and Abu Bakr as follows: «[Fatimah] sent a message to Abu Bakr asking for her share of her father's estate - date palm orchards in the huge oases of Khaybar and Fadak to the north of Medina. Tales From The Arabian Nights By Dawood SarkhoshHis response left her dumbfounded. Muhammad's estate belonged to the community, not to any individual, Abu Bakr replied. It was part of the Muslim charitable trust to be administered by him as Caliph. There was no denying the populist appeal of the message Abu Bakr sent by denying Fatima's claim: the House of Muhammad was the House of Islam, and all were equal within it.»[1. When Umar became Caliph, the value of the land of Fadak along with its dates was 5. Ali again claimed Fatima’s inheritance during Umar's era, but was denied with the same argument as in the time of Abu Bakr. Umar however, restored the estates in Medina to `Abbas ibn `Abd al- Muttalib and Ali, as representatives of Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim. During Uthman's caliphate, Marwan ibn al- Hakâm, who was his cousin, was made trustee of the Fadak.[2. Sunni view of Fadak[edit]According to Sunnis, Fadak was a piece of land, near Khaiber, where Jews lived. Fadak was conquered by Muhammad. The Qur'an says: “And that which Allah gave as spoil unto His messenger from them, ye urged not any horse or riding- camel for the sake thereof, but Allah giveth His messenger lordship over whom He will. Allah is Able to do all things. That which Allah giveth as spoil unto His messenger from the people of the townships, it is for Allah and His messenger and for the near of kin and the orphans and the needy and the wayfarer, that it become not a commodity between the rich among you. And whatsoever the messenger giveth you, take it. And whatsoever he forbiddeth, abstain (from it). And keep your duty to Allah. Lo! Allah is stern in reprisal. Thus according to the Qur’an, Fai means such of properties of the unbelievers as are returned to the Muslims without war. It is not to be distributed like booty among the soldiers, but the whole of it is for Allah and His apostle. From the Sunnah and Practice of the Prophet of Islam it is evident that Muhammad himself used to manage Fai as the head of the Islamic republic.[2. According to Sunnis, Muhammad didn't gift Fadak to his daughter. All the narrations regarding this are weak. As far as the claim of Shias is concerned, that when the verse of Holy Quran, "And give the relative his right",[2. Prophet gave Fadak to his daughter, then this argument is weak. First of all, this narration is weak because of the narrator Atiyah al- Awfi. Secondly, this verse was revealed in Makkah, and Fadak was conquered when Muslims were in Madinah. It is not possible that the verse regarding Fadak was revealed at a time when Fadak was not in the hands of the Muslims. This is not the case of the applicability of a law, it is an issue of the invalidity of a gift before it comes in the hands of a person. Muhammad - Wikipedia. Muhammad[n 1] (Arabic: محمد; pronounced [muħammad]; [n 2] c. 5. CE – 8 June 6. 32 CE)[1] is the prophet and founder of Islam.[2][3]According to Islamic doctrine, he was God's Messenger, sent to confirm the essential teachings of monotheism preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.[3][4][5][6] He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though some modern denominations diverge from this belief.[n 3] Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity and ensured that his teachings, practices, and the Quran formed the basis of Islamic religious belief. Born approximately 5. CE (Year of the Elephant) in the Arabian city of Mecca, Muhammad was orphaned at an early age; he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib. Periodically, he would seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer; later, at age 4. Gabriel in the cave,[7][8] where he stated he received his first revelation from God. Three years later, in 6. Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly,[1. God is One", that complete "surrender" (lit. God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.[1. Muhammad gained few early followers, and met hostility from some Meccans. To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 6. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 6. 29, after eight years of intermittent conflict with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 1. Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 6. 32, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. Before his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.[1. The revelations (each known as Ayah, lit. "Sign [of God]"), which Muhammad reported receiving until his death, form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the "Word of God" and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (sunnah), found in the Hadith and sira literature, are also upheld by Muslims and used as sources of Islamic law (see Sharia). Names and appellations in the Quran.The name Muhammad ()[1.Quran.[1. 8] The Quran addresses Muhammad in the second person by various appellations; prophet, messenger, servant of God ('abd), announcer (bashir)[Quran 2: 1.Quran 3. 3: 4. 5] bearer of good tidings (mubashshir), warner (nathir),[Quran 1.Quran 8. 8: 2. 1] one who calls [unto God] (dā‘ī),[Quran 1. Quran 0. 5: 1. 5], and the light- giving lamp (siraj munir)[Quran 3. Muhammad is sometimes addressed by designations deriving from his state at the time of the address: thus he is referred to as the enwrapped (al- muzzammil) in Quran 7. Quran 7. 4: 1.[1. In Sura Al- Ahzab 3. God singles out Muhammad as the "Seal of the Prophets", or the last of the prophets.[2. The Quran also refers to Muhammad as Aḥmad "more praiseworthy" (Arabic: أحمد, Sura As- Saff. The name Abū al- Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al- Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim,[2. Abū, which corresponds to the English, father of.[2. Sources. Quran. A folio from an early Quran, written in Kufic script (Abbasid period, 8th–9th century)The Quran is the central religious text of Islam. Muslims believe it represents the words of God revealed by the archangel Gabriel to Muhammad.[2. The Quran, however, provides minimal assistance for Muhammad's chronological biography; most Quranic verses do not provide significant historical context.[2. Early biographies. Important sources regarding Muhammad's life may be found in the historic works by writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Muslim era (AH – 8th and 9th century CE).[3. These include traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, which provide additional information about Muhammad's life.[3. The earliest surviving written sira (biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is Ibn Ishaq's Life of God's Messenger written c. CE (1. 50 AH). Although the work was lost, this sira was used at great length by Ibn Hisham and to a lesser extent by Al- Tabari.[3. However, Ibn Hisham admits in the preface to his biography of Muhammad that he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would distress certain people".[3. Another early history source is the history of Muhammad's campaigns by al- Waqidi (death 2. Muslim era), and the work of his secretary Ibn Sa'd al- Baghdadi (death 2. Muslim era).[3. 0]Many scholars accept these early biographies as authentic, though their accuracy is unascertainable.[3. Recent studies have led scholars to distinguish between traditions touching legal matters and purely historical events. In the legal group, traditions could have been subject to invention while historic events, aside from exceptional cases, may have been only subject to "tendential shaping".[3. Hadith. Other important sources include the hadith collections, accounts of the verbal and physical teachings and traditions of Muhammad. Hadiths were compiled several generations after his death by followers including Muhammad al- Bukhari, Muslim ibn al- Hajjaj, Muhammad ibn Isa at- Tirmidhi, Abd ar- Rahman al- Nasai, Abu Dawood, Ibn Majah, Malik bin Anas, al- Daraqutni.[3. Some Western academics cautiously view the hadith collections as accurate historical sources.[3. Scholars such as Madelung do not reject the narrations which have been compiled in later periods, but judge them in the context of history and on the basis of their compatibility with the events and figures.[3. Muslim scholars on the other hand typically place a greater emphasis on the hadith literature instead of the biographical literature, since hadiths maintain a verifiable chain of transmission (isnad); the lack of such a chain for the biographical literature makes it less verifiable in their eyes.[3. Pre- Islamic Arabia. Arabian peninsula, Byzantine and Sassanid- Persian empires in c. CE, on the eve of rise of Islam. Main tribes and settlements of Arabia in Muhammad's lifetime. The Arabian Peninsula was largely arid and volcanic, making agriculture difficult except near oases or springs. The landscape was dotted with towns and cities; two of the most prominent being Mecca and Medina. Medina was a large flourishing agricultural settlement, while Mecca was an important financial center for many surrounding tribes.[4. Communal life was essential for survival in the desert conditions, supporting indigenous tribes against the harsh environment and lifestyle. Tribal affiliation, whether based on kinship or alliances, was an important source of social cohesion.[4. Indigenous Arabs were either nomadic or sedentary, the former constantly travelling from one place to another seeking water and pasture for their flocks, while the latter settled and focused on trade and agriculture. Nomadic survival also depended on raiding caravans or oases; nomads did not view this as a crime.[4. In pre- Islamic Arabia, gods or goddesses were viewed as protectors of individual tribes, their spirits being associated with sacred trees, stones, springs and wells. As well as being the site of an annual pilgrimage, the Kaaba shrine in Mecca housed 3. Three goddesses were associated with Allah as his daughters: Allāt, Manāt and al- ‘Uzzá. Monotheistic communities existed in Arabia, including Christians and Jews.[4. Hanifs – native pre- Islamic Arabs who "professed a rigid monotheism"[4. Jews and Christians in pre- Islamic Arabia, although their historicity is disputed among scholars.[4. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad himself was a Hanif and one of the descendants of Ishmael, son of Abraham.[4. The second half of the sixth century was a period of political disorder in Arabia and communication routes were no longer secure.[4. Religious divisions were an important cause of the crisis.[5. Judaism became the dominant religion in Yemen while Christianity took root in the Persian Gulf area.[5. In line with broader trends of the ancient world, the region witnessed a decline in the practice of polytheistic cults and a growing interest in a more spiritual form of religion.[5. While many were reluctant to convert to a foreign faith, those faiths provided intellectual and spiritual reference points.[5. |
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